1. Mwachidule
Mtundu uliwonse wamtundu wapamwamba kwambiri wa kompositi wa organic uyenera kudutsa munjira yoyatsira kompositi.Kompositi ndi njira yomwe zinthu zamoyo zimawonongeka ndikukhazikika ndi tizilombo tating'onoting'ono pansi pazifukwa zina kuti apange chinthu choyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito pamtunda.
Kompositi, njira yakale komanso yosavuta yochotsera zinyalala ndi kupanga feteleza, yakopa chidwi kwambiri m'maiko ambiri chifukwa cha kufunikira kwake kwachilengedwe, kumabweretsanso phindu pazaulimi.Zanenedwa kuti matenda obwera m'nthaka amatha kupewedwa pogwiritsa ntchito manyowa ovunda ngati malo obzala mbewu.Pambuyo pa kutentha kwakukulu kwa ndondomeko ya kompositi, chiwerengero cha mabakiteriya otsutsa amatha kufika pamtunda wapamwamba kwambiri, sikophweka kuwola, kukhazikika, komanso kosavuta kutengeka ndi mbewu.Panthawiyi, zochita za tizilombo zimatha kuchepetsa kawopsedwe ka zitsulo zolemera mumtundu wina.Zitha kuwoneka kuti kompositi ndi njira yosavuta komanso yothandiza yopangira feteleza wa bio-organic, womwe ndi wopindulitsa pakukula kwaulimi wachilengedwe.
Chifukwa chiyani kompositi imagwira ntchito chonchi?Zotsatirazi ndikulongosola mwatsatanetsatane za mfundo za kompositi:
2. Mfundo ya organic kompositi fermentation
2.1 Kusintha kwa organic matter panthawi ya kompositi
Kusintha kwa zinthu za organic mu kompositi pansi pa zochita za tizilombo tating'onoting'ono tingafotokoze mwachidule njira ziwiri: imodzi ndi mineralization ya organic matter, ndiko kuti, kuwonongeka kwa zinthu zovuta za organic kukhala zinthu zosavuta, zina ndi ndondomeko ya humification ya organic matter, ndiko kuti, kuwonongeka ndi kaphatikizidwe ka organic kanthu kuti apange zovuta zapadera za organic matter-humus.Njira ziwirizi zimachitika nthawi imodzi koma mosiyana.Pazikhalidwe zosiyanasiyana, mphamvu ya ndondomeko iliyonse imakhala yosiyana.
2.1.1 Mineralization of organic matter
- Kuwonongeka kwa zinthu zopanda nayitrogeni
Mankhwala a polysaccharide (wowuma, cellulose, hemicellulose) amayamba kupangidwa ndi hydrolyzed kukhala monosaccharides ndi ma hydrolytic enzymes opangidwa ndi tizilombo.Zogulitsa zapakatikati monga mowa, acetic acid, ndi oxalic acid sizinali zophweka kudziunjikira, ndipo potsiriza zinapanga CO₂ ndi H₂O, ndipo zinatulutsa mphamvu zambiri zotentha.Ngati mpweya wabwino uli woipa, pansi pa zochita za tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, monosaccharide idzawola pang'onopang'ono, imatulutsa kutentha pang'ono, ndikudziunjikira zinthu zina zapakatikati-organic zidulo.Pansi pazachilengedwe zothamangitsa mpweya, zinthu zochepetsera monga CH₄ ndi H₂ zitha kupangidwa.
- Kuwola kuchokera ku zinthu zokhala ndi nayitrogeni
Nayitrojeni wokhala ndi organic zinthu mu kompositi zimaphatikizapo mapuloteni, amino zidulo, alkaloids, hummus, ndi zina zotero.Kupatula humus, zambiri zimawola mosavuta.Mwachitsanzo, mapuloteni, pogwira ntchito ya protease yotulutsidwa ndi tizilombo tating'onoting'ono, amawononga pang'onopang'ono, amapanga ma amino acid osiyanasiyana, kenako amapanga ammonium ammonium salt ndi nitrate motsatana kudzera mu ammoniation ndi nitration, yomwe imatha kuyamwa ndikugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi zomera.
- Kusintha kwa zinthu zomwe zimakhala ndi phosphorous mu kompositi
Pansi pa zochita za tizilombo tating'onoting'ono ta saprophytic, timapanga phosphoric acid, yomwe imakhala michere yomwe mbewu zimatha kuyamwa ndikuzigwiritsa ntchito.
- Kutembenuka kwa zinthu zokhala ndi sulfure
Sulfur-munali organic kanthu mu kompositi, kudzera mu ntchito ya tizilombo kupanga haidrojeni sulfide.Hydrogen sulfide ndi yosavuta kudziunjikira m'malo osakonda mpweya, ndipo imatha kukhala poizoni ku zomera ndi tizilombo.Koma pansi bwino mpweya wabwino, hydrogen sulfide ndi oxidized kuti sulfuric asidi pansi pa zochita za mabakiteriya sulfure ndi amachitira ndi m'munsi mwa kompositi kupanga sulphate, amene osati kumathetsa kawopsedwe wa hydrogen sulfide, ndi kukhala sulfure zakudya kuti zomera kuyamwa.Pansi pa mpweya woipa, sulfation inachitika, yomwe inachititsa kuti H₂S iwonongeke ndikuwononga chomeracho.Pothirira manyowa, mpweya wa kompositi ukhoza kukhala wabwino potembenuza kompositi nthawi zonse, kuti anti-sulfuration athetsedwe.
- Kutembenuka kwa lipids ndi onunkhira organic mankhwala
Monga tannin ndi utomoni, ndizovuta komanso zochedwa kuwola, ndipo zinthu zomaliza zimakhalanso CO₂ ndi madzi Lignin ndi khola lokhazikika la organic lomwe lili ndi zipangizo za zomera (monga khungwa, utuchi, etc.) mu kompositi.Ndizovuta kwambiri kuwola chifukwa cha mawonekedwe ake ovuta komanso phata lake lonunkhira.Pansi pa mpweya wabwino, phata lonunkhira limatha kusinthidwa kukhala mankhwala a quinoid kudzera mu zochita za bowa ndi Actinomycetes, yomwe ndi imodzi mwazinthu zopangira kukonzanso kwa humus.Zoonadi, zinthuzi zidzapitiriza kuphwanyidwa pansi pazifukwa zina.
Mwachidule, mineralization ya composted organic matter ingapereke chakudya chofulumira kwa mbewu ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, kupereka mphamvu zogwirira ntchito za tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, ndikukonzekera zipangizo zopangira manyowa a composted organic matter.Pamene kompositi imayang'aniridwa ndi tizilombo ta aerobic, organic matter mofulumira mineralizes kuti apange carbon dioxide, madzi, ndi zakudya zina, amawola mofulumira komanso bwino, ndipo amatulutsa mphamvu zambiri za kutentha mphamvu ya kutentha, ndi zinthu zowonongeka zimakhala zowonjezera zakudya zowonjezera zomera, zimakhala zosavuta kudziunjikira ma organic acid ndi zinthu zochepetsera monga CH₄, H₂S, PH₃, H₂, etc.The tipping wa kompositi pa nayonso mphamvu ndiyenso cholinga kusintha mtundu wa tizilombo ntchito kuthetsa zoipa zinthu.
2.1.2 Kusungunuka kwa zinthu zachilengedwe
Pali malingaliro ambiri okhudza mapangidwe a humus, omwe amatha kugawidwa m'magawo awiri: gawo loyamba, pamene zotsalira za organic zimaphwanyidwa kuti zipange zopangira zomwe zimapanga mamolekyu a humus, mu gawo lachiwiri, polyphenol imapangidwa ndi okosijeni ku quinone. ndi Polyphenol oxidase wotulutsidwa ndi tizilombo tating'onoting'ono, ndiyeno quinone amapangidwa ndi amino acid kapena peptide kupanga humus monomer.Chifukwa phenol, kwinini, amino acid zosiyanasiyana, mogwirizana condensation si njira yomweyo, kotero mapangidwe humus monoma komanso zosiyanasiyana.Pamikhalidwe yosiyanasiyana, ma monomers amenewa amapindikanso kuti apange mamolekyu amitundu yosiyanasiyana.
2.2 Kusintha kwazitsulo zolemera panthawi ya composting
Dothi la matayala ndi chimodzi mwazinthu zabwino kwambiri zopangira manyowa ndi kuthirira chifukwa lili ndi michere yambiri komanso organic kuti mbewu zikule.Koma matope a municipalities nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi zitsulo zolemera, zitsulo zolemerazi nthawi zambiri zimatchula mercury, chromium, cadmium, lead, arsenic, ndi zina zotero.Tizilombo tating'onoting'ono, makamaka mabakiteriya ndi mafangasi, amagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri pakupanga zitsulo zolemera.Ngakhale tizilombo tating'onoting'ono timatha kusintha kukhalapo kwa zitsulo zolemera m'chilengedwe, kupanga mankhwala oopsa kwambiri komanso kumayambitsa mavuto aakulu a chilengedwe, kapena kuyika zitsulo zolemera kwambiri, ndikuunjikana kudzera muzitsulo za chakudya.Koma majeremusi ena angathandize kukonza chilengedwe pochotsa zitsulo zolemera m’chilengedwe kudzera m’zochitika zachindunji kapena zosalunjika.Kusintha kwa tizilombo ta HG kumaphatikizapo zinthu zitatu, mwachitsanzo, methylation of inorganic mercury (Hg₂+), kuchepetsa mercury (Hg₂+) mpaka HG0, kuwonongeka, ndi kuchepetsa methylmercury ndi mankhwala ena a organic mercury ku HG0.Tizilombo tating'onoting'ono timene timatha kusintha ma inorganic ndi organic mercury kukhala elemental mercury amatchedwa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda a mercury.Ngakhale tizilombo tating'onoting'ono sitingathe kuwononga zitsulo zolemera, zimatha kuchepetsa kawopsedwe ka zitsulo zolemera poyendetsa njira yawo yosinthira.
2.3 Njira yopangira manyowa ndi kuthirira
Kompositi ndi njira yokhazikitsira zinyalala, koma pamafunika chinyezi chapadera, mpweya wabwino, ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda kuti tipange kutentha koyenera.Kutentha kumaganiziridwa kuti ndikwapamwamba kuposa 45 °C (pafupifupi madigiri 113 Fahrenheit), kuyisunga m'mwamba mokwanira kuletsa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ndikupha mbewu za udzu.Kuwola kwa zinthu zotsalira pambuyo pa kompositi woyenerera kumakhala kochepa, kosasunthika, komanso kosavuta kutengedwa ndi zomera.Fungo likhoza kuchepetsedwa kwambiri pambuyo pa composting.
Kapangidwe ka kompositi kumaphatikizapo mitundu yambiri ya tizilombo toyambitsa matenda.Chifukwa cha kusintha kwa zipangizo ndi mikhalidwe, kuchuluka kwa tizilombo tosiyanasiyana kumasintha nthawi zonse, kotero palibe tizilombo toyambitsa matenda timene timalamulira nthawi zonse.Chilengedwe chilichonse chimakhala ndi gulu lake la tizilombo tating'onoting'ono, ndipo kusiyanasiyana kwa tizilombo tating'onoting'ono kumathandizira kuti composting ipewe kugwa kwadongosolo ngakhale zinthu zakunja zikusintha.
The ndondomeko kompositi makamaka ikuchitika ndi tizilombo, ndilo thupi lalikulu la composting nayonso mphamvu.Tizilombo tambiri timene timapanga kompositi timachokera ku magwero awiri: tizilombo tambirimbiri timene timakhalapo kale mu zinyalala, ndi inoculum yochita kupanga.Pazifukwa zina, mitunduyi imakhala ndi mphamvu yamphamvu yowononga zinyalala za organic ndikukhala ndi mawonekedwe amphamvu, kufalitsa mwachangu, ndikuwola mwachangu kwa zinthu za organic, zomwe zimatha kufulumizitsa kupanga kompositi, kufupikitsa nthawi ya composting.
Kompositi nthawi zambiri imagawidwa mu aerobic composting ndi anaerobic composting mitundu iwiri.Aerobic composting ndi kuwonongeka kwa zinthu zakuthupi pansi pa mikhalidwe ya aerobic, ndipo kagayidwe kake kagayidwe kachakudya ndi makamaka carbon dioxide, madzi, ndi kutentha;kompositi ya anaerobic ndi njira yowola ya zinthu zakuthupi pansi pa mikhalidwe ya anaerobic, ma metabolites omaliza a kuwonongeka kwa anaerobic ndi methane, mpweya woipa wa carbon dioxide ndi ma intermediates otsika kwambiri a maselo, monga ma organic acid.
Tizilombo toyambitsa matenda timene timapanga manyowa ndi mabakiteriya, bowa, ndi actinomycetes.Mitundu itatu iyi ya tizilombo tating'onoting'ono tonse timakhala ndi mabakiteriya ndi matenda a hypertermophilic.
Pa ndondomeko kompositi, ndi tizilombo tating'onoting'ono anasintha motere: otsika ndi sing'anga kutentha midzi midzi anasintha sing'anga ndi mkulu-kutentha midzi tizilombo, ndi sing'anga ndi mkulu-kutentha madera tizilombo tasintha kwa sing'anga ndi otsika kutentha tizilombo tating'onoting'ono.Ndi kuwonjezereka kwa nthawi ya composting, mabakiteriya amachepa pang'onopang'ono, actinomycetes pang'onopang'ono kuwonjezeka, ndi nkhungu ndi yisiti kumapeto kwa composting zimachepetsedwa kwambiri.
Njira yowotchera ya organic kompositi imatha kugawidwa m'magawo anayi:
2.3.1 Panthawi yotentha
Pa gawo loyambirira la kompositi, tizilombo tating'onoting'ono ta kompositi timakhala ndi kutentha pang'ono komanso mpweya wabwino, womwe umakhala wofala kwambiri ndi mabakiteriya omwe si spore, mabakiteriya a spore, ndi nkhungu.Iwo amayamba nayonso mphamvu ya kompositi, ndikuwola organic zinthu (monga shuga wosavuta, wowuma, mapuloteni, etc.) mwamphamvu pansi pa chikhalidwe cha mpweya wabwino, kutulutsa kutentha kwambiri ndi mosalekeza kukweza kutentha kwa kompositi, kuwuka kwa pafupifupi 20 °C (pafupifupi madigiri 68 Fahrenheit) kufika 40 °C (pafupifupi madigiri 104 Fahrenheit) amatchedwa febrile stage, kapena siteji ya kutentha kwapakati.
2.3.2 Pa kutentha kwambiri
Tizilombo tating'onoting'ono tomwe timatentha timayamba kutengera mitundu yofundayo ndipo kutentha kumapitilira kukwera, nthawi zambiri kupitilira 50 °C (pafupifupi 122 degrees Fahrenheit) m'masiku ochepa, kulowa munyengo yotentha kwambiri.Pakutentha kwambiri, kutentha kwa actinomycetes ndi bowa wabwino wa kutentha kumakhala mitundu yayikulu.Amaphwanya zinthu zovuta za organic mu kompositi, monga cellulose, hemicellulose, pectin, ndi zina zotero.Kutentha kumachuluka ndipo kompositi imakwera kufika pa 60 °C (pafupifupi 140 degrees Fahrenheit), izi ndi zofunika kwambiri kufulumizitsa ndondomeko ya kompositi.Zolakwika kompositi wa kompositi, yochepa kwambiri mkulu-kutentha nthawi, kapena palibe kutentha, choncho pang'onopang'ono kukhwima, mu theka la chaka kapena kuposa nthawi si theka okhwima boma.
2.3.3 Panthawi yozizira
Pambuyo pa nthawi inayake panthawi yotentha kwambiri, zinthu zambiri za cellulose, hemicellulose, ndi pectin zawonongeka, ndikusiya zigawo zovuta zowonongeka (monga lignin) ndi humus zomwe zangopangidwa kumene, ntchito ya tizilombo tating'onoting'ono tachepa. ndipo kutentha kunachepa pang’onopang’ono.Kutentha kukatsika pansi pa 40 °C (pafupifupi madigiri 104 Fahrenheit), tizilombo ta mesophilic timakhala zamoyo zazikulu.
Ngati nyengo yozizira ikafika msanga, kompositi siiyenera komanso kuwonongeka kwa mbewu sikukwanira.Panthawi imeneyi akhoza kutembenuza mulu, mulu zinthu kusanganikirana, kotero kuti umabala Kutentha yachiwiri, Kutentha, kulimbikitsa kompositi.
2.3.4 Kukhwima ndi kasungidwe ka feteleza
Pambuyo kompositi, voliyumu imachepa ndipo kutentha kwa kompositi kumatsika pang'ono kuposa kutentha kwa mpweya, ndiye kuti kompositiyo iyenera kukanikizidwa mwamphamvu, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti anaerobic state ndi kufooketsa mineralization ya organic, kusunga feteleza.
Mwachidule, njira yowotchera ya kompositi organic ndi njira ya tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ndi kuberekana.Njira ya microbial metabolism ndi njira yakuwonongeka kwa zinthu za organic.Kuwola kwa zinthu za organic kumatulutsa mphamvu, yomwe imayendetsa ntchito ya kompositi, imakweza kutentha, ndikuumitsa gawo lapansi lonyowa.
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Nthawi yotumiza: Apr-11-2022