Za Hideo Ikeda:
Mbadwa ya Fukuoka Prefecture, Japan, anabadwa mu 1935. Anadza ku China mu 1997 ndipo anaphunzira Chitchaina ndi chidziwitso chaulimi pa yunivesite ya Shandong.Kuyambira 2002, wagwira ntchito ndi School of Horticulture, Shandong Agricultural University, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, ndi malo ena ku Shouguang ndi Feicheng.Magawo amakampani ndi madipatimenti aboma ang'onoang'ono amaphunzira limodzi za zovuta zaulimi ku Shandong ndipo akugwira ntchito yopewera ndi kuwongolera matenda obwera m'nthaka komanso kukonza nthaka, komanso kafukufuku wokhudzana ndi kulima sitiroberi.Mu Shouguang City, Jinan City, Tai'an City, Feicheng City, Qufu City, ndi malo ena otsogolera kupanga manyowa achilengedwe, kukonza nthaka, kuwongolera matenda obwera ndi nthaka, komanso kulima sitiroberi.Mu February 2010, adalandira satifiketi yaukadaulo yakunja (mtundu: zachuma ndiukadaulo) yoperekedwa ndi State Administration of Foreign Experts Affairs ya People's Republic of China.
1. Mawu Oyamba
M’zaka zaposachedwapa, liwu lakuti “Chakudya Chobiriwira” latchuka kwambiri, ndipo chikhumbo cha ogula chofuna kudya “chakudya chosungika bwino chimene chingadyedwe molimba mtima” chikukulirakulirabe.
Chifukwa chomwe ulimi wa organic, womwe umapanga chakudya chobiriwira, wakopa chidwi kwambiri, ndi chiyambi cha njira yaulimi yomwe imapanga ulimi wamakono, womwe unayamba mu theka lachiwiri la zaka za m'ma 1900 ndi kugwiritsa ntchito kwambiri feteleza wamankhwala ndi mankhwala. mankhwala ophera tizilombo.
Kuchulukirachulukira kwa feteleza wamankhwala kwapangitsa kuti feteleza wachilengedwe abwererenso kwambiri, kutsatiridwa ndi kuchepa kwa zokolola zam'munda.Izi zimakhudza kwambiri ubwino ndi zokolola za ulimi.Zogulitsa zaulimi zomwe zimapangidwa pamtunda wopanda chonde m'nthaka sizikhala zathanzi, zomwe zimatha kubweretsa mavuto monga zotsalira za mankhwala ophera tizilombo, komanso kutaya kukoma koyambirira kwa mbewu.Ndi kusintha kwa moyo wa anthu, izi ndi zifukwa zofunika zomwe ogula amafunikira "chakudya chotetezeka komanso chokoma".
Kulima kwachilengedwe si bizinesi yatsopano.Mpaka kukhazikitsidwa kwa feteleza wamankhwala mu theka lachiwiri la zaka zapitazi, inali njira yodziwika bwino yopangira ulimi kulikonse.Makamaka, kompositi yaku China ili ndi mbiri yazaka 4,000.Panthawi imeneyi, ulimi wa organic, pogwiritsa ntchito kompositi, unalola kuti nthaka yathanzi komanso yokolola isamalidwe.Koma lawonongedwa ndi zaka zosakwana 50 zaulimi wamakono wolamulidwa ndi feteleza wamankhwala.Zimenezi zachititsa kuti zinthu ziipireipire masiku ano.
Kuti tithane ndi vuto lalikululi, tiyenera kuphunzira kuchokera ku mbiri yakale ndikuphatikiza ukadaulo wamakono kuti timange mtundu watsopano waulimi wachilengedwe, potero titsegule msewu waulimi wokhazikika komanso wokhazikika.
2. Feteleza ndi kompositi
Feteleza wamankhwala ali ndi mawonekedwe a zigawo zambiri za feteleza, kugwiritsa ntchito feteleza wambiri, komanso kuchitapo kanthu mwachangu.Kuonjezera apo, zinthu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndizosavuta kugwiritsa ntchito, ndipo zochepa zokha zimafunikira, ndipo ntchito yolemetsa imakhala yochepa, choncho pali ubwino wambiri.Kuipa kwa fetelezayu ndikuti mulibe humus wa zinthu zachilengedwe.
Ngakhale kompositi nthawi zambiri imakhala ndi zigawo zochepa za feteleza komanso kuchedwa kwa feteleza, ubwino wake ndikuti imakhala ndi zinthu zosiyanasiyana zomwe zimalimbikitsa kukula kwachilengedwe, monga hummus, amino acid, mavitamini, ndi kufufuza zinthu.Izi ndizinthu zomwe zimadziwika ndi ulimi wa organic.
Zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito mu kompositi ndi zinthu zomwe zimapangidwa ndi kuwonongeka kwa zinthu zachilengedwe ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, zomwe sizipezeka mu feteleza wachilengedwe.
3. Ubwino wa kompositi
Pakalipano, pali kuchuluka kwa "zinyalala" zochokera kumagulu a anthu, monga zotsalira, zinyalala, ndi zinyalala zapakhomo zochokera m'mafakitale a zaulimi ndi ziweto.Izi sizimangopangitsa kuti chuma chiwonongeke komanso chimabweretsa mavuto aakulu a anthu.Ambiri a iwo amatenthedwa kapena kukwiriridwa ngati zinyalala zopanda ntchito.Zinthu zimenezi zimene zinatayidwa potsirizira pake zasanduka zoyambitsa zofunika kwambiri za kuipitsidwa kwa mpweya, kuipitsidwa kwa madzi, ndi ngozi zina zapagulu, zimene zikuvulaza anthu kosaneneka.
The composting mankhwala zinyalala organic ali ndi kuthekera kwenikweni kuthetsa mavuto pamwamba.Mbiri yakale imatiuza kuti “zamoyo zonse zochokera ku dziko lapansi zimabwerera ku dziko lapansi” ndiwo mkhalidwe wa kuzungulira kwa chizungulire umene umagwirizana kwambiri ndi malamulo a chilengedwe, ndipo ulinso wopindulitsa ndi wosavulaza anthu.
Pokhapokha pamene “nthaka, zomera, zinyama, ndi anthu” zipanga ndandanda yazamoyo yathanzi, m’pamene thanzi la munthu lingakhale lotsimikizirika.Pamene chilengedwe ndi thanzi zidzawongoleredwa, Chidwi chimene anthu amasangalala nacho chidzapindulitsa mibadwo yathu yamtsogolo, ndipo madalitso adzakhala opanda malire.
4. Ntchito ndi mphamvu ya kompositi
Mbewu zathanzi zimakula m'malo abwino.Chofunika kwambiri mwa izi ndi dothi.Kompositi imakhudza kwambiri nthaka pamene feteleza satero.
Mukakonza nthaka kuti mupange nthaka yabwino, chofunikira kwambiri kuganizira ndi "zakuthupi", "zachilengedwe" ndi "mankhwala" zinthu zitatuzi.Maelementi akufupikitsidwa motere:
Thupi katundu: mpweya wabwino, ngalande, kusunga madzi, etc.
Zachilengedwe: Zimavunda m'nthaka, zimatulutsa michere, zimaphatikizana, zimalepheretsa matenda am'nthaka, ndikuwongolera mbewu.
Chemical: Zinthu monga mankhwala a nthaka (zakudya), pH mtengo (acidity), ndi CEC (kusunga michere).
Pokonza dothi ndikupititsa patsogolo kulenga kwa nthaka yabwino, ndikofunika kuika patsogolo zitatu zomwe zili pamwambazi.Mwachindunji, dongosolo ambiri ndi kusintha thupi zimatha nthaka poyamba, ndiyeno kuganizira kwachilengedwenso katundu ndi mankhwala katundu pa maziko.
⑴ kusintha thupi
The humus opangidwa m`kati kuwonongeka kwa organic kanthu ndi tizilombo akhoza kulimbikitsa mapangidwe nthaka granulation, ndipo pali zazikulu ndi zazing'ono pores m'nthaka.Ikhoza kukhala ndi zotsatirazi:
Aeration: kudzera pores zazikulu ndi zazing'ono, mpweya wofunikira pa mizu ya zomera ndi kupuma kwa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda amaperekedwa.
Ngalande: Madzi amalowa pansi mosavuta kudzera m'mabowo akuluakulu, kuchotsa kuwonongeka kwa chinyezi chambiri (mizu yowola, kusowa mpweya).Pothirira, pamwamba sidzaunjikira madzi kuti madzi asamawonongeke kapena kutayika, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti madzi azigwiritsa ntchito bwino.
Kusunga madzi: Mabowo ang'onoang'ono amakhala ndi mphamvu yosunga madzi, yomwe imatha kupereka madzi kumizu kwa nthawi yayitali, potero kumapangitsa kuti nthaka isamavutike ndi chilala.
(2) Kusintha kwachilengedwe
Mitundu ndi kuchuluka kwa zamoyo zam'nthaka (tizilombo tating'onoting'ono ndi nyama zing'onozing'ono, ndi zina zotero) zomwe zimadya zinthu zachilengedwe zawonjezeka kwambiri, ndipo gawo lachilengedwe lakhala losiyana kwambiri ndi kupindula.organic kanthu amawola kukhala chakudya cha mbewu ndi zochita za nthaka zamoyo.Kuphatikiza apo, pansi pakuchita kwa humus wopangidwa mwanjira imeneyi, kuchuluka kwa dothi kumawonjezeka, ndipo ma pores ambiri amapangidwa m'nthaka.
Kuletsa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ndi matenda: Pambuyo pa gawo lachilengedwe lazachilengedwe, kuchuluka kwa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda monga tizilombo toyambitsa matenda kungalephereke chifukwa cha kusagwirizana pakati pa zamoyo.Chotsatira chake, kuchitika kwa tizirombo ndi matenda kumayendetsedwanso.
Mbadwo wa zinthu zolimbikitsa kukula: Pansi pa zochita za tizilombo tating'onoting'ono, timapanga zinthu zomwe zimalimbikitsa kukula kwa mbewu, monga ma amino acid, mavitamini, ndi michere.
Limbikitsani kusakanikirana kwa dothi: Zinthu zomata, ndowe, zotsalira, ndi zina zotere zomwe zimapangidwa ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda zimakhala zomangira tinthu tating'onoting'ono, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti nthaka isakanike.
Kuwola kwa zinthu zoipa: Tizilombo tating’onoting’ono timene timagwira ntchito yovunda, kuyeretsa zinthu zovulaza, ndi kulepheretsa kukula kwa zinthu.
(3) Kusintha kwa mankhwala
Popeza tinthu tadongo ta humus ndi dothi zilinso ndi CEC (base displacement capacity: kusungika kwa michere), kuthira kompositi kungathandize kuti nthaka isamasungike chonde komanso kulepheretsa feteleza.
Konzani kasungidwe kachonde: CEC yoyambirira ya nthaka kuphatikiza ndi humus CEC ndi yokwanira kusungitsa magawo a feteleza.Zowonjezera feteleza zomwe zimasungidwa zimatha kuperekedwa pang'onopang'ono malinga ndi zosowa za mbewu, motero kumawonjezera mphamvu ya feteleza.
Mphamvu yotchinga: Ngakhale fetereza atayikidwa mochulukira chifukwa zigawo za feteleza zitha kusungidwa kwakanthawi, mbewu sizidzawonongeka ndi kuwotcha kwa feteleza.
Zowonjezera zowunikira: Kuphatikiza pa N, P, K, Ca, Mg ndi zinthu zina zofunika pakukula kwa zomera, zinyalala za zomera, ndi zina zotero, zilinso ndi kufufuza komanso zofunika S, Fe, Zn, Cu, B, Mn, Mo , ndi zina zotero, zomwe zinabwezeretsedwanso m’nthaka pothira manyowa.Kuti timvetse kufunikira kwa izi, tiyenera kungoyang'ana zochitika zotsatirazi: nkhalango zachilengedwe zimagwiritsa ntchito chakudya cha photosynthetic ndi zakudya ndi madzi otengedwa ndi mizu kuti zomera zikule, komanso zimadziunjikira kuchokera ku masamba akugwa ndi nthambi za nthaka.Dothi lopangidwa pansi limatenga michere kuti ichuluke (kukula).
⑷ Zotsatira zakuwonjezera kuwala kwadzuwa kosakwanira
Zotsatira za kafukufuku waposachedwapa zimasonyeza kuti kuwonjezera pa zomwe tazitchula pamwambapa, kompositi imakhalanso ndi zotsatira za kuyamwa mwachindunji madzi osungunuka m'madzi (ma amino acid, etc.) kuchokera kumizu kuti apititse patsogolo chitukuko chabwino cha mbewu.Pali mawu omaliza mu chiphunzitso chapitachi kuti mizu ya zomera imatha kuyamwa zakudya zopanda thanzi monga nayitrogeni ndi phosphoric acid, koma sizingatenge chakudya chamagulu.
Monga tonse tikudziwira, zomera zimapanga chakudya kudzera mu photosynthesis, motero zimapanga minofu ya thupi ndikupeza mphamvu zofunika kuti zikule.Chifukwa chake, ndi kuwala kochepa, photosynthesis imachedwa ndipo kukula kwa thanzi sikutheka.Komabe, ngati "zakudya zimatha kutengedwa kuchokera ku mizu", photosynthesis yotsika chifukwa cha kusakwanira kwa dzuwa ikhoza kulipidwa ndi chakudya chotengedwa kuchokera kumizu.Ichi ndi chodziwika bwino pakati pa ogwira ntchito zaulimi, ndiko kuti, kulima organic pogwiritsa ntchito kompositi sikukhudzidwa kwambiri ndi kusowa kwa dzuwa m'nyengo yotentha kapena zaka za masoka achilengedwe, komanso kuti ubwino ndi kuchuluka kwake kuli bwino kuposa kulima feteleza wamankhwala. zatsimikiziridwa mwasayansi.kukangana.
5. Kugawa kwa magawo atatu kwa nthaka ndi udindo wa mizu
Pokonza nthaka ndi kompositi, muyeso wofunikira ndi "kugawa kwa magawo atatu a nthaka", ndiko kuti, gawo la tinthu tating'onoting'ono (gawo lolimba), chinyezi cha nthaka (gawo lamadzi), ndi mpweya wa nthaka (gawo la mpweya). ) m'nthaka.Kwa mbewu ndi tizilombo tating'onoting'ono, magawo atatu oyenera kugawa ndi pafupifupi 40% mu gawo lolimba, 30% mu gawo lamadzimadzi, ndi 30% mumlengalenga.Magawo onse amadzimadzi ndi mpweya amayimira zomwe zili m'nthaka, gawo lamadzimadzi limayimira zomwe zili ndi ma pores ang'onoang'ono omwe amasunga madzi a capillary, ndipo gawo la mpweya limayimira kuchuluka kwa ma pores akulu omwe amathandizira kufalikira kwa mpweya ndi ngalande.
Monga tonse tikudziwira, mizu ya mbewu zambiri imakonda 30-35% ya mlingo wa mpweya, womwe umagwirizana ndi ntchito ya mizu.Mizu ya mbewu imakula pobowola pores zazikulu, motero mizu imakula bwino.Kuti mutenge mpweya kuti mukwaniritse ntchito zakukula kwamphamvu, ma pores akulu okwanira ayenera kutsimikiziridwa.Kumene mizu imafalikira, imayandikira pores odzazidwa ndi madzi a capillary, momwe madzi amalowetsedwa ndi tsitsi lomwe limakula kutsogolo kwa mizu, tsitsi la mizu likhoza kulowa khumi peresenti kapena atatu peresenti ya mamilimita ang'onoang'ono a pores.
Kumbali ina, feteleza wogwiritsidwa ntchito m'nthaka amasungidwa kwakanthawi mu tinthu tating'onoting'ono tadothi ndi humus m'nthaka, kenako amasungunuka pang'onopang'ono m'madzi m'nthaka ma capillaries, omwe kenako amatengedwa ndi tsitsi la mizu pamodzi. ndi madzi.Panthawiyi, zakudyazo zimapita ku mizu kudzera m'madzi a capillary, omwe ndi gawo lamadzimadzi, ndipo mbewu zimakulitsa mizu ndikuyandikira malo omwe zakudya zimakhalapo.Mwanjira imeneyi, madzi ndi zakudya zimatengedwa bwino kudzera mu kugwirizana kwa ma pores akuluakulu otukuka bwino, ma pores ang'onoang'ono, ndi mizu yophuka ndi tsitsi la mizu.
Kuphatikiza apo, chakudya chopangidwa ndi photosynthesis ndi mpweya wotengedwa ndi mizu ya mbewu zimatulutsa asidi a mizu m'mizu ya mbewu.Katulutsidwe ka asidi wa mizu kumapangitsa kuti mchere wosasungunuka wozungulira mizu usungunuke ndikuyamwa, kukhala michere yofunika kuti mbewu zikule.
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Nthawi yotumiza: Apr-19-2022